Curriculum based assessment definition - Chapter 6 described a comprehensive assessment model that can be used in improving a . program of studies. Chapter 8 emphasized the importance of evaluating new courses of study. Chapter 11 described the importance of curriculum alignment. The intent of this chapter is to bring all these approaches into focus and to provide for greater ...

 
Get this page as a PDF: Guidance on Diagnostic and Formative Assessments (PDF) Return to Stronger Together: A Guidebook for the Safe Reopening of California's Public Schools . Background. Due to the school closures resulting from the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, state and federal testing requirements …. What is adobe signature

Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples. Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based ...Curriculum-based measurement, or CBM, is also referred to as a general outcomes measures (GOMs) of a student's performance in either basic skills or content knowledge. ... This work is best represented by Zigmond in the Pennsylvania Alternate Assessment and Tindal in the Oregon and Alaska Alternate Assessments. The second advancement is …6 Types Of Assessment Of Learning. 1. Diagnostic Assessment (as Pre-Assessment) One way to think about it: Assesses a student’s strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. Another way to think about it: A baseline to work from. Tip: Done at the beginning–of the school year, beginning of a unit, beginning of a …Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...This chapter provides an overview of learning assessment development and implementation in the classroom. It focuses on the use of performance- or ...as curriculum-based measurement (CBM). Each is described on the following pages. FYI Formative assessment: The frequent evaluation of student learning during instruction to provide continual feedback about performance to both learners and instructors. Information from the assessment can be used to guide instruction. Summative assessment: A singleSix Steps in Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) Step 1: Create or select appropriate formative assessments (called probes) for the student’s grade and skill level. …. Step 2: Administer and score probes at regular intervals (weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly). …. Step 3: Graph the scores. …. Step 4: Set goals.7 abr 2020 ... ... curriculum for years to come. Competency-Based Assessment Methods to Use in Your Classroom. As mentioned, one easy entry point is just ...Curriculum-based assessments provide an evaluation of skills an individual has already acquired and also identify areas for improvement. These tools are often directly tied to curricula for building these skills in children with ASD, with the goal of helping children proceed through a developmental sequence and build progressively more ...The definition of performance-based assessments varies greatly depending on author, disciple, publication, and intended audience (Palm, 2008). In general, a performance-based assessment measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. Typically, the task challenges students to …assessment, and program evaluation guided by sound early childhood practices, effective early learning standards and program standards, and a set of core principles and values: belief in civic and democratic values; commitment to ethical behavior on behalf ofCharacteristics of a planned curriculum include well-defined goals, measurable learning objectives and valid assessments. The planned curriculum should be identifiable by the careful steps taken to connect learner needs to proven research-b...Amazon.com: Curriculum-Based Assessment for Instructional Design: Using Data to Individualize Instruction (The Guilford Practical Intervention in the ...Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) is a type of on-going assessment that involves periodic monitoring of a student’s daily performance in relation to what is taught. It provides a measure of a student’s progress through the curriculum and whether that progress is adequate. CBA is based on the skills described in the student’s curriculum ...The best-known method of student progress monitoring — Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) — also enables teachers to select the teaching methods that work best with the individual child. CBM, which teachers use to track students’ progress toward annual goals, offers a number of benefits to parents and students, as well as teachers.Curriculum-based assessment is used to determine the language demands of the curriculum and to assess the student's ability to meet those demands. The technique is based on the curriculum the student is currently mastering and may utilize materials being used in the student's classroom. The assessment can come directly from a textbook …Oct 13, 2016 · PAPER-AND-PENCIL STRATEGY The Essay A. Definition The essay: • Is a writing sample used to assess student understanding and or how well students can analyze and synthesize information; • Is a pencil-and-paper assessment where a student constructs a response to a question, topic or brief statement • Provides the student with opportunity to ... assessments listed contain all the important characteristics identified by the professional literature. Each of the sections summarizes information about the following types of assessments: Universal screening assessments are characterized by the administration of quick, low-cost, repeatable testing of age-appropriate skills to all students.The curriculum in Wales consists of three main phases: an early years curriculum based on active learning and including elements of play and assessment for learning; a skills‐based curriculum for 7‐14 year olds that builds upon the philosophy of the Foundation Phase and prepares for their 14‐19 year old education and training; and a Learning Pathways programme for 14‐19 year olds ... This chapter provides an overview of the historical perspective on assessment. This is useful because it establishes the primary distinctions between psychometric and behavioral assessments. Because Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA) was historically aligned with behavioral assessment, that perspective helps illuminate some underlying assumptions and critical features. Subsequently, the ...Curriculum design is a term used to describe the purposeful, deliberate, and systematic organization of curriculum (instructional blocks) within a class or course. In other words, it is a way for teachers to plan instruction. When teachers design curriculum, they identify what will be done, who will do it, and what schedule to follow.The curriculum in Wales consists of three main phases: an early years curriculum based on active learning and including elements of play and assessment for learning; a skills‐based curriculum for 7‐14 year olds that builds upon the philosophy of the Foundation Phase and prepares for their 14‐19 year old education and training; and a Learning Pathways programme for 14‐19 year olds ...interpretation and construction of meaning. •. 'National' Assessment should aim to enhance future teaching and learning, not merely report on past teaching ...curriculum-based assessments than on structured assessments. A child who has poor fine-motor skills may struggle with pen and paper assessments but do well on ... assessment that will work best for their child by becoming a collaborative member of the assessment team. In order to do this, families must be involved in all aspects of theChild Screening & Assessment. Screening and assessment provide valuable information about each child's interests, strengths, and needs. Screening gives a snapshot of whether the child's development is on track. Assessment is an ongoing process that includes observation and provides information about development over time.Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measures have become a frequently used assessment tool of school psychologists to assess the academic performance functioning of students in the basic skill areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the different approaches to CBA, with a particular focus on the defining ...Curriculum assessment is a process of gathering and analyzing information from multiple sources in order to improve student learning in sustainable ways. Why bother assessing curriculum? Curriculum assessment can serve several major purposes: To identify aspects of a curriculum that are working and those that need to changeOct 13, 2016 · PAPER-AND-PENCIL STRATEGY The Essay A. Definition The essay: • Is a writing sample used to assess student understanding and or how well students can analyze and synthesize information; • Is a pencil-and-paper assessment where a student constructs a response to a question, topic or brief statement • Provides the student with opportunity to ... Definition. Summative assessment is a type of course evaluation that happens at the end of a program while formative assessment is a method of collecting real-time feedback from learners during the course. Summative assessment is all about measuring the student’s performance at the end of the class using some defined criteria.This toolkit uses the architecture of the curriculum and weaves into it an improvement loop to assess both participant knowledge and comprehension, as well as ...Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...Summative assessment definition. Summative assessment is a specific type of assessment that evaluates learning and offers little opportunity for providing student feedback because of its positioning at the end of a learning unit. They are usually high-stakes, contributing to a large portion of a student’s course grade (e.g., final exams) or ...20 ago 2021 ... Outcomes-based assessment requires curriculum/ course content to be ... Define the knowledge students must achieve as evidence of competent or ...Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is an approach to measuring students academic growth along with evaluating the effectiveness of instruction in the classroom (Deno, 1985). Curriculum-based measurement is a simple set of standardized procedures that are a way to obtain reliable and valid measurement of a student’s achievement.as curriculum-based measurement (CBM). Each is described on the following pages. FYI Formative assessment: The frequent evaluation of student learning during instruction to provide continual feedback about performance to both learners and instructors. Information from the assessment can be used to guide instruction. Summative assessment: A singleBases for Defining Language Proficiency. The conventional rationale for curriculum planning (e.g., outlined in Tyler, Reference Tyler 1949) is that educators determine the nature of educational programs first by establishing relevant objectives, then by creating and sequencing appropriate teaching and learning activities, and then later evaluating the …It gives the student an opportunity to apply his or her knowledge to real-life situations and to solve practical problems. Alternative assessment is an effective method of evaluating a student’s problem-solving skills. It is a cost-effective method of assessing a learner’s knowledge within the training context.4 jul 2020 ... This curriculum-based summative assessment determines the depth of knowledge level of grade 3 students in reading, writing, ...Updated on July 03, 2019. Testing and assessment are ongoing with children in special education programs. Some are formal, normed and standardized. Formal tests are used to compare populations as well as evaluating individual children. Some are less formal and used for ongoing assessment of a student's progress in meeting his or her IEP goals.Aug 22, 2023 · Curriculum. Curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Curriculum is the central guide for all educators as to what is essential for teaching and learning, so that every student has access to rigorous academic experiences. Curriculum: The K to 12 curriculum is standards- and competence-based. It is inclusive and built around the needs of the learners and the community. The curriculum is done and is available on the DepEd website. It is the first time in history that the entire curriculum is digitized and made accessible to the public.Strikingly, in line with this curriculum concept, an encapsulated definition was given earlier by Richmond (1971:87), who stated that ―curriculum is a ‗slippery‘ word, meaning in the broadest sense the ‗educative process as a whole‘ and, in the narrowest sense, ‗synonymous with the syllabus, a scheme of work, or simple subjects.‖Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) is a type of on-going assessment that involves periodic monitoring of a student’s daily performance in relation to what is taught. It provides a measure of a student’s progress through the curriculum and whether that progress is adequate. CBA is based on the skills described in the student’s curriculum ...Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...This definition of assessment literacy can apply to the interpretation of results from both classroom and large-scale assessments. In fact, the challenges of making use of assessment results span both classroom assessment results and large-scale assessment results. Making sense of classroom assessment results is often seen as teachers’ work.You don’t have centralized assessment that administrators can access; It is designed to track progress on IEP goals but it is not linked to specific standards. 3. Functional Independence Skills Handbook (FISH) The FISH is another curriculum-based assessment with examples of how the skills are taught.Dec 4, 2019 · Six Steps in Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) Step 1: Create or select appropriate formative assessments (called probes) for the student’s grade and skill level. …. Step 2: Administer and score probes at regular intervals (weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly). …. Step 3: Graph the scores. …. Step 4: Set goals. Curriculum-based assessment is used to determine the language demands of the curriculum and to assess the student's ability to meet those demands. The technique is based on the curriculum the student is currently mastering and may utilize materials being used in the student's classroom. The assessment can come directly from a textbook …First, curriculum-based measurement is developed to measure or monitor student learning progress. They “could include timed tests of performance on reading, math, and writing skills.”. On the other hand, performance assessment are curriculum based, which require students to “engage in a process or construct some product, often real-world ...Dec 7, 2005 · Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measures have become a frequently used assessment tool of school psychologists to assess the academic performance functioning of students in the basic skill areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the different approaches to CBA ... A standards-based assessment begins with teachers identifying the most-critical skills so they can best assess and evaluate student work in a way that is equitable. Not just that, standards-basd learning improves the quality of the feedback given to the student so that it's not just appropriate, but thoughtful, measureable and actionable. All this can be used to customize upcoming lessons to ...Oct 13, 2016 · PAPER-AND-PENCIL STRATEGY The Essay A. Definition The essay: • Is a writing sample used to assess student understanding and or how well students can analyze and synthesize information; • Is a pencil-and-paper assessment where a student constructs a response to a question, topic or brief statement • Provides the student with opportunity to ... Amazon.com: Curriculum-Based Assessment for Instructional Design: Using Data to Individualize Instruction (The Guilford Practical Intervention in the ...Jul 3, 2019 · Curriculum-Based Assessments are criterion based tests, usually based on what the child is learning in the curriculum. Some are formal, such as the tests that are developed to evaluate chapters in mathematical textbooks. Spelling tests are Curriculum-Based Assessments, as are multiple choice tests designed to evaluate a student's retention of ... Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) emerged in response to a perception that traditional, standardized testing methods possess inherent limitations in the ability to identify …Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) tools are brief assessments that have several uses in school settings. They can be used for screening purposes and monitoring student progress in academic areas, including reading. Authors (January & Klingbeil, 2020) summarized the validity evidence of early reading CBM tools for Kindergarten through Grade 2. Ideally, needs assessments are initially conducted to determine the needs of the people (i.e., service receivers) for whom the organization or system exists (e.g., students). However, a “ comprehensive ” needs assessment often takes into account needs identified in other parts of a system. For example, a needs assessment might include theThis chapter will describe curriculum-based evaluation (CBE), its philosophical background, and its assumptions. The chapter also provides an overview of the development of reading and two conceptual frameworks: the review, interview, observation, and testing (RIOT)/instruction, curriculum, environment, and learner (ICEL) assessment framework ...Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples. Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based ... Assessment SummaryIntroduction. Assessment helps educators learn about children and identifies ways to support their learning and development. It helps educators become aware of children’s strengths and areas of their learning and development in which they may require further support and nurturing. As a relatively new field of study, early childhood teachers ...Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a form of direct assessment that measures the amount of material a student has learned in a specific content area.Curriculum assessment is a process of gathering and analyzing information from multiple sources in order to improve student learning in sustainable ways. Why bother assessing curriculum? Curriculum assessment can serve several major purposes: To identify aspects of a curriculum that are working and those that need to changethat educators commonly ask about curriculum-based measurement. Q: What is curriculum-based measurement? A: Curriculum-based measurement, or CBM, is a method of monitoring student educational progress through direct assessment of academic skills. CBM can be used to measure basic skills in reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression. It Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA) refers to models of assessment that emphasize a direct relationship to the student's curriculum.ILA 14.0. For this ILA, view the following segments of A New Vision of Excellence in Assessment and complete the activity associated with each one.. A New School Mission Requires a New Assessment Vision (time segment: 0:00-10:28) - Assess your overall approach to classroom assessments for balance by considering the following questions: . In what ways do you use (or plan to use) the ...An individual can assess the value of a car or truck based on its make, model, year, mileage and condition using Kelley Blue Book. Kelley is a trusted resource for assessing any vehicle’s value in order to obtain a fair price in a sale or t...A type of formative assessment that can be used in elementary, middle, and high school settings, progress monitoring allows teachers to: Make instructional changes to improve students’ academic progress. There are two types of progress monitoring: mastery measurement (MM) and general outcome measurement (GOM), often referred to as curriculum ... Oct 13, 2016 · PAPER-AND-PENCIL STRATEGY The Essay A. Definition The essay: • Is a writing sample used to assess student understanding and or how well students can analyze and synthesize information; • Is a pencil-and-paper assessment where a student constructs a response to a question, topic or brief statement • Provides the student with opportunity to ... Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples. Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based ... Lesson 6 - Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples. Video. Take Quiz Lesson 7 ...Curriculum-based assessment is designed to measure the progress of students in the basics of academics. Get more info and see some examples of how to accurately study …Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...Performance-based assessment is advantageous for both teachers and students. For students, it helps to apply in-class learning to situations outside of the classroom. For teachers, it offers deeper insight into the learning needs of students. At the same time, they offer a way for students to better measure their own understanding and success. An individual can assess the value of a car or truck based on its make, model, year, mileage and condition using Kelley Blue Book. Kelley is a trusted resource for assessing any vehicle’s value in order to obtain a fair price in a sale or t...DIBELS ® (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) is a set of procedures and measures for assessing the acquisition of literacy skills. They are designed to be short (one minute) fluency measures that can be used to regularly detect risk and monitor the development of early literacy and early reading skills in kindergarten through ... Second, why was curriculum-based measurement developed? And third, how does the use of curriculum-based measurement help to avoid the problem of Sisyphus and education? CURRICULUM-BASED MEASUREMENT DEFINED As a Subset of Curriculum-Based Assessment The term . curriculum-based assessment (CBA) is a very popular topicCurriculum-Based Assessments are criterion based tests, usually based on what the child is learning in the curriculum. Some are formal, such as the tests that are developed to evaluate chapters in mathematical textbooks. Spelling tests are Curriculum-Based Assessments, as are multiple choice tests designed to evaluate a student's retention of ...15 jun 2010 ... The purposes of our article are to define CBM and to provide illustrations to document its usefulness in every- day classroom contexts. Page ...2006, Psychology in The Schools. Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measures have become a frequently used assessment tool of school psychologists to assess the academic performance functioning of students in the basic skill areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ...Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...Formative assessment. This brief explains how formative assessment can contribute to improving learning and what recurring challenges affect its implementation. It then provides policy recommendations that may help educators and policy-makers overcome these obstacles. Formative assessment, often referred to as ‘assessment for learning ...Jun 22, 2023 · Formative assessment is a collaborative learning process happening “with” students, not “to” students. “Elicit and use evidence of student learning.”. Formative assessment processes capture levels of knowledge and skill along the learning journey so teachers and students can make small, immediate, impactful decisions to support well ... 24 jun 2023 ... You need to define the learning outcomes and objectives that you need to observe with the assessments. These should align with the curriculum or ...Chapter 6 described a comprehensive assessment model that can be used in improving a . program of studies. Chapter 8 emphasized the importance of evaluating new courses of study. Chapter 11 described the importance of curriculum alignment. The intent of this chapter is to bring all these approaches into focus and to provide for greater ...curriculum-based assessment By N., Sam M.S. 1. a total, widespread analysis profile that divulges the level of pupil mastery of a chosen subject matter, class review and interplay, generalized examinations whenever pertinent, and any other approach to analysis that results in information that can be attributed to the entire profile.Curriculum-based measurement, or CBM, is also referred to as a general outcomes measures (GOMs) of a student's performance in either basic skills or content knowledge. Early history [ edit ] CBM began in the mid-1970s with research headed by Stan Deno at the University of Minnesota . [1]If you’re considering furthering your nursing education and pursuing a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree, you may have come across the option of online programs. Online MSN programs have become increasingly popular due to their flex...You don’t have centralized assessment that administrators can access; It is designed to track progress on IEP goals but it is not linked to specific standards. 3. Functional Independence Skills Handbook (FISH) The FISH is another curriculum-based assessment with examples of how the skills are taught.The Training Center develops the yearly curriculum based on need assessment and recommendations of international/local experts (including observations made by the UN treaty bodies). UN-2 The Project Development Curriculum had been prepared based on the assessment of capacity building needs in the participating countries. Curriculum-based assessment is used to determine the language demands of the curriculum and to assess the student's ability to meet those demands. The technique is based on the curriculum the student is currently mastering and may utilize materials being used in the student's classroom. The assessment can come directly from a textbook …

Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use .... 2012 ford e350 fuse box diagram

curriculum based assessment definition

Coding bootcamps have become increasingly popular in recent years as a way for individuals to learn valuable coding skills in a short amount of time. However, with so many options available, it can be difficult to determine which bootcamp i...Educational assessment or educational evaluation is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. Assessment data can be obtained from directly examining student work to assess the achievement of learning outcomes or can …Curriculum-based assessment is a powerful tool for testing and measuring student progress. Learn the definition and process of curriculum-based assessment, and explore some examples of how to use ...Definition of Ecological Assessment. An ecological assessment is a comprehensive process in which data is collected about how a child functions in different environments or settings. Sometimes ...Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) is a method teachers use to find out how students are progressing in basic academic areas such as math, reading, writing, and spelling. CBM can be helpful to parents because it provides current, week-by-week information on the progress their children are making.For students with learning disabilities, traditional assessment strategies such as formalized, periodic testing may not provide an accurate reflection of student progress and mastery of skills. Curriculum-based assessment, also called Curriculum-Based Measurement or Progress Monitoring Assessment, in which specific ...Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measures have become a frequently used assessment tool of school psychologists to assess the academic performance functioning of students in the basic skill areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression.Curriculum-based assessment evaluates student performance and educational needs using the materials being employed for instruction (Fuchs and Fuchs, 1990). Tests may be designed by individual teachers, school systems, or developers of commercial instructional programs such as reading series. curriculum-based assessment By N., Sam M.S. 1. a total, widespread analysis profile that divulges the level of pupil mastery of a chosen subject matter, class review and interplay, generalized examinations whenever pertinent, and any other approach to analysis that results in information that can be attributed to the entire profile.Summative assessment measures a student’s competence in a specific subject matter in line with the learning goals and objectives of the course or training. For instance, a science course will use experiments and other practical tests to evaluate a student’s knowledge at the end of the course. Reliability.Curriculum Based Assessment (CBA) is an informal assessment of a student's performance on class curriculum. CBAs are commonly designed by the classroom teacher, but can be found where other classroom resources are sold and shared. CBA can refer to nearly any assessment that compares a student's performance to a classroom's …Assessment works best when the programs it seeks to improve have clear, explicitly stated purposes. Assessment requires attention to outcomes but also and equally to the experiences that lead to those outcomes. Assessment works best when it is ongoing, not episodic. Assessment fosters wider improvement when representatives fromStandards-Based. In education, the term standards-based refers to systems of instruction, assessment, grading, and academic reporting that are based on students demonstrating understanding or mastery of the knowledge and skills they are expected to learn as they progress through their education. In schools that use standards-based …Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) is a method teachers use to find out how students are progressing in basic academic areas such as math, reading, writing, and spelling. CBM can be helpful to parents because it provides current, week-by-week information on the progress their children are making.Dec 7, 2005 · Curriculum-based assessment (CBA) measures have become a frequently used assessment tool of school psychologists to assess the academic performance functioning of students in the basic skill areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and written expression. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the different approaches to CBA ... Abstract For individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), deficits in social communication are a core area of impairment, and thus a critical domain for intervention. Developing competent social behavior is a complex learning process, comprised of a variety of individual skills.How norm-referenced assessment guides intervention. Now that we’ve considered student growth, let’s return to our earlier discussion of universal screeners. A norm-referenced assessment used in universal screening is designed to help you identify who needs extra support, who is on track, and who might benefit from accelerated instruction.Curriculum-based measurement, or CBM, is also referred to as a general outcomes measures (GOMs) of a student's performance in either basic skills or content knowledge. ... This work is best represented by Zigmond in the Pennsylvania Alternate Assessment and Tindal in the Oregon and Alaska Alternate Assessments. The second advancement is …Lesson 6 - Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples Curriculum-Based Assessment: Definition & Examples. Video. Take Quiz Lesson 7 ...The “taught curriculum” is defined as that which teachers actually teach day-by-day (Glatthorn, 2000). In practice, the written curriculum guides the taught curriculum, but in many cases, it is the textbook, assessments, and/or teacher preferences that influence what is taught. This is compounded by the fact that standards may vary from ....

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